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This paper aims to examine the factors influencing renewable energy output.

The panel data model was used to analyze the fixed and random effects.

The results showed that economic development, environmental-related technology patents, renewable energy consumption and the publication of papers and periodicals contributed to enhancing renewable energy production. Wind power generation’s adjustment speed is faster than that of solar power generation in the renewable energy sector. The use of renewable energy was affected by the weather and related costs.

Many countries choose energy with reasonable prices and stable power generation and use renewable energy as additional backup power.

The purpose of this paper is to establish an appraisal system for evaluating and choosing traction battery for electric vehicle (EV) quantitatively and effectively.

Traction battery always bottlenecks the development of EV. It is difficult to evaluate and choose traction battery for EV because there are many kinds of battery and each kind has many performance parameters. An estimating system for traction battery was proposed with every factor considered. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive theory are both used to evaluate program with many aims and influencing factors. It is relatively easy and exact using AHP to determine the weighting value vector of every criterion but not so exact when marking the appraisal objects. Objections can be marked more reasonably with fuzzy comprehensive theory. Both the advantages of these two theories were integrated in this paper in order to evaluate battery more effectively. It was proved effective by the application example.

An estimating system and appraisal method for traction battery.

Weighing factors of different criteria should be determined based on the EV type and application condition.

Very useful method and system for EV designers to choose and evaluate traction battery.

The appraisal system eliminates the blindness when choosing and evaluating traction battery for EV. Both the merits of AHP and fuzzy comprehensive theory were combined for the evaluating process.

The purpose of this paper is to find an appropriate sliding mode control strategy for neutral systems with time‐delays in the presence of unmatched parameter uncertainties and external disturbance.

Owing to the complexity of uncertain neutral time‐delay systems, some conclusions for system stability and stabilization are complicated non‐linear matrix inequality (NLMI). Through virtual state feedback control, a sliding mode controller is designed to guarantee state trajectories from any initial condition are attracted to the sliding mode plane in a finite time and remain there for all subsequent time, which can avoid the complicated NLMI. Furthermore, a delay‐independent sufficient condition for the design of robust stable sliding mode plane is obtained in term of LMI.

The sliding mode controller for uncertain neutral time‐delay systems is designed and a delay‐independent sufficient condition for the design of robust stable sliding mode plane is obtained.

The main limitations are that external disturbance must meet matched condition.

A useful control strategy for uncertain neutral systems with time‐delays.

The virtual state feedback control is designed so to avoid the complicated NLMI.

This paper aims to attempt to explore the influence of network position on innovation performance, specifically for companies from a less-developed area in China.

The paper uses a social network analysis method based on the data of high and new tech companies from Jiangxi province, China. It relies on Ucinet 6.212 software for data processing.

The present work, on the one hand, reveals that a high and new tech company from Jiangxi province tends to achieve better innovation performances if it is in the central position of its social network. On the other hand, it indicates that the same type of company from the same area does not always accomplish better innovation performance, even it possesses more structural holes.

The conclusions of this paper suggest that a high and new tech company from a less-developed area in China should build up its position closer to the center when constructing a social network. Meanwhile, the company should also exert more effort into managing its networks, as only building structural holes offers little help with operations besides showing that it has a broad social network.

With frequent floods occurring, and the fast economic development in China, attention must be paid to flood prevention, water supply, and forecasting precision. In particular, mid‐ and long‐term runoff prediction is being paid more and more attention by researchers, and it is also the most difficult problem to solve. The purpose of this paper is to apply chaos phase space theory to forecast river run off.

Because the hydrologic system is a complicated huge system, there exist high non‐linear characteristics in the space‐time change of hydrologic factors. According to theory of chaotic phase space, the paper established four models of the single‐point, multi‐point, lineal, and three‐parameter D(m,τ,k) models, they have stronger non‐linear mapping function and much more information in the time series than traditional ways.

The results of calculation show that the models are highly effective and worthy of popularization and application. It is reasonable and superior to use these models in mid‐ and long‐term hydrologic prediction.

The method cannot reduce or eliminate the un‐prediction parts caused by the inner random factors, such as the noise information of the observed data.

The models are applied in the long‐term runoff prediction of Baishan reservoir.

The new approach of hydrology forecasting due to the theory of chaotic phase space. The paper is aimed at hydrology forecasting researches and engineers, especially those who dealt with the mid‐ and long‐term prediction.

The purpose of this paper is to answer the question that what the best shape of fuzzy sets is in fuzzy systems for function approximation which is essential in many applications of fuzzy systems.

The uniform approximation rates indicate the approximating capabilities of fuzzy systems for function approximation. By Fourier analysis, the uniform approximation rates are estimated for the fuzzy systems with various shapes of if‐part fuzzy sets in the case of single‐input and single‐output. Based on the approximation rates, the relationships between the approximating capabilities and the shapes of fuzzy sets are developed and compared.

The since functions as the input membership functions in fuzzy systems are proved to have the almost best approximation property in a particular class of membership functions.

From the viewpoint of function approximation, the input membership functions are not necessarily positive in fuzzy systems.

For engineers, the sinc‐shaped membership function is a good choice to improve their fuzzy systems in real applications.

The uniform approximation rates of fuzzy systems for function approximation are estimated. Mathematically, the relationships between the approximating capabilities and the shapes of fuzzy sets are analyzed for fuzzy systems.

Nickel phosphorus (Ni−P) thin-films have been electrolessly deposited in an acid-plating bath with the addition of manganese sulfate monohydrate (MSM) to achieve higher resistance for the application of embedded resistor with value beyond 10 KΩ. As this material is being used for fabricating embedded resistors under the addition of MSM, its resistance properties including effects of MSM concentration and plating time on resistances, temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), and resistance tolerance of embedded resistor were investigated. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

The structure of fabricated Ni−P film was detected by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The properties of substrate, including the surface morphologies, glass transition process and boundary of copper pad and substrate surface, were performed by SEM, dynamic mechanical analysis and optical microscope, respectively. The resistance tolerances of embedded resistors were elaborated from the cases of Ni−P thin-film resistance tolerance and the size effects of resistors, respectively.

The fabricated film was found to be constructed with numerous Ni−P amorphous nanoparticles, which was believed to be the reason of increasing thin-film resistance. The Ni−P thin-films presented over one magnitude order of resistance increasing in the case of MSM concentration varied from 0 to 40 g/L. For the case of TCRs, Ni−P thin-films deposited with 20 g/L MSM exhibited low TCRs of within ±100 ppm/°C Before TR at temperature elevating from 40 to 160°C, indicating that this Ni−P thin-film belongs to the constant TCR materials according to the military standard. For the tolerance of embedded resistor, the tolerance contributed by Ni−P thin-film was obtained to be 9.8 percent, whereas the geometry tolerances were in the range of 0-20 percent according to the geometries of embedded resistor.

For Ni−P thin-film without MSM, its low resistance with around 100 ohm/sq. limit the values of resistor few KΩ and restricted its widespread application of embedded resistor with higher resistance beyond 10 KΩ. The authors introduced MnSO₄ in Ni−P electroless plating process to improve the low resistance of Ni−P thin-film. The resistance was increased over one order of magnitude after added with 40 g/L MnSO₄. Due to the specific structure, as this material is being used for fabricating embedded resistors, the electrical properties and its application properties to verify its appliance in embedded resistor were systematically investigated by means of SEM, TEM, XRD characterizations, TCRs, resistance tolerance analysis, respectively.

The purpose of this paper is to establish a model to analyze the impacts of economic policy on the demand for electricity in China, including the impacts of fiscal and monetary policies.

With the development of electric reform, the impacts of economic policy on demand for electricity will be more and more obvious. It is difficult to analyze the impacts by a conventional model. CGE model is based on the theory of general equilibrium which is put forward by Walras, it describes the supplying and demanding relationship between the sectors of the economic system, a CGE model can recognize that an exogenous change (in policy or from other source) that affects any one part of the economy can produce repercussions throughout the system, it can also analyze the impacts of economic policy on electric power sector.

A CGE model and a social accounting matrix are established.

Accessibility and availability of data are the main limitations which model will be applied.

A very useful model to study the impacts of economic policy on electric power sector.

The new method to analyze the impacts of economic policy on electric power sector in China. The paper aims at policy makers and the researchers who deal with electric power demand and supply.

The aim is to apply pseudo‐random correlation method to detect very weak electrical signals because of various natural and artificial electron‐magnetic interferences in electrical prospecting.

Electrical prospecting is an important method of geophysical exploration and the electrical prospecting instruments are required to detect very weak electrical signals against strong interferences. Recently, pseudo‐random correlation coding has been widely applied in telecommunications and measurement and test systems to improve the signal noise ratio with great success, but has not been used in electric prospecting. This paper theoretically investigated the application model of pseudo‐random correlation techniques in electrical prospecting.

The model of pseudo‐random correlation techniques in electrical prospecting, including its principle, detailed protocol and parameter selection, is established.

With the continuing improvement in the capacity of electrical prospecting transmitters, the pseudo‐random correlation method will be widely used in electrical prospecting.

The pseudo‐random correlation techniques is originally investigated for its application in electrical prospecting. This paper is aimed at researchers and engineers in geophysical exploration.

In order to study granularity, this paper aims to discuss how to construct granules from the view of panweighted field of pansystem.

By changing the panweights of panweighted field – subdivision of panweights, increase/decrease of panweights and reallocating panweights, to construct proper granules is the approach taken.

This paper provides a new method of studying granularity. If the weights of panweighted field are subdivided, then the granularity diminishes; if the panweights of panweighted field are increased, then the corresponding granularity diminished. Contrarily, the decrease of panweights of panweighted field results in the corresponding granularity increased; by reallocating panweights, use different method to construct different granules, such as compatible class, neighbor operator, compatible core, s‐s core and so on.

How to reallocate panweights is the main limitation.

A very useful advice for studying granularity.

This paper combines the granularity with panweighted field of pansystem, and studies granularity from the view of panweighted field of pansystems.